History of Pearl Diving in Qatar

Pearl diving was one of Qatar’s main industries until the early 1940s when oil replaced it.  After being the major industry of the area for thousands of years, pearl diving was a decaying profession by the 1930s, after the introduction of Japanese cultured pearls and the Great Depression made pearl diving unprofitable. Even though pearling is no longer a thriving industry, it remains a beloved part of Qatari culture. History and Decline of the Pearling Industry Pearls were treasured in the ancient world, especially by Arabs, Romans, and Egyptians. These areas were largely supplied by the pearling industry in the Persian Gulf, with pearl divers working hard to keep up with the high demand from trading partners in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Pearl diving was risky and physically taxing. The lack of oxygen, the fast change in water pressure, and the sharks and other marine predators made pearl diving a very dangerous profession. Despite the danger, however, the high value of the pearls made pearl diving a profitable profession. When Japan created oyster farms in the mid-1920s to generate cultured pearls, the pearl market became glutted. In addition, the advent of the Great Depression in the 1930s devastated the pearl market as people no longer had extra money for luxury items such as pearls. With the market for pearls drying up, it was a miraculous event for the Qatari people when oil was discovered in 1939, changing their entire way of life. How Pearls Are Formed Pearls are formed when a foreign object enters the shell of an oyster, mussel, or other mollusk and becomes trapped. This object can be a parasite, grain of sand, or small piece of shell, but more commonly it is a food particle. To protect itself from the particle, the mollusk releases layers of aragonite (the mineral calcium carbonate) and conchiolin (a protein). Over a period of two to five years, these layers build up and form a pearl. In oysters and freshwater mussels, nacre (mother of pearl) gives pearls their natural luster. Pearls from other mollusks have a porcelain-like texture and don’t shine like pearls with nacre do. Qatar is a perfect place to find such beautiful, shiny pearls.  Because of its abundant freshwater springs, the water there is part salty and part fresh, an ideal environment for nacre formation. (Most of the fresh water comes from the Shatt al Arab River.) Cultured pearls follow the same essential formation process as natural pearls, but they are created under carefully controlled conditions on a pearl farm. Pearling Voyages Traditionally, Qatar’s pearl fishers made two annual boat voyages during the June-September fishing season. There was a long trip (two months) and a shorter trip (40 days). Most pearling boats (often called a â€Å"dhow†) contained 18-20 men. Without modern technology, pearl diving was extremely dangerous. The men didn’t use oxygen tanks; instead, they pinched their noses with pieces of wood and held their breaths for up to two minutes. They would also often wear a sheath made of leather on their hands and feet to protect them from the rocky surfaces found below. Then they would throw a rope with a rock tied at the end into the water and jump in. These divers would often swim over 100 feet below, quickly use their knife or a rock to pry oysters and other mollusks off of rocks or the sea floor and place the oysters in a rope bag that they had hung around their necks. When they could hold their breath no more, the diver would pull on the rope and be pulled back up to the boat. Their load of mollusks would then be dumped on the deck of the ship and they would dive again for more. Divers would continue this process throughout the day. At nighttime, the dives would stop and they would all open the oysters to look for the valuable pearls. They could go through thousands of oysters before finding even one pearl. Not all dives went smoothly, however. Diving that deep meant that rapid changes in pressure could cause serious medical problems, including bends and shallow water blackout. Also, the divers were not always alone down there. Sharks, snakes, barracudas, and other aquatic predators were rampant in the waters near Qatar, and would sometimes attack divers. The pearl diving industry got even more complicated when colonial tycoons got involved. They would sponsor pearling voyages but require half of the divers’ profits. If it was a good voyage, then all could become wealthy; if it was not, then the divers could become indebted to the sponsor. Between this exploitation and the health risks involved with pearling, divers lived strenuous lives with little reward. Pearl Diving Culture in Qatar Today While pearl fishing is no longer vital to Qatar’s economy, it is celebrated as a part of Qatari culture. Annual pearl diving competitions and cultural celebrations are held. The four-day Senyar pearl diving and fishing competition recently boasted more than 350 participants, navigating between Fasht and Katara Beach on traditional ships. The annual Qatar Marine Festival is a free event that hosts not only pearl diving demonstrations but also a seal show, dancing waters, food, an elaborate musical play, and miniature golf. It is a fun event for families to learn about their culture and have some fun too.

Women in the Law Term Paper - 2048 Words

Women in the Law Term Paper In American society, individuals are constantly subjected to discrimination and gender bias, which pollutes our education systems, military, and individuals in executive business roles. Women are more often subjected to these types of issues and have sought remedy for their issues by looking toward legal theoretical frameworks like Formal Equality, Substantive Equality, and a Non-subordination/Dominance theory approach, which set the guidelines for how to identify and dissect the problem. There is a consistent problem going on around college campuses in the United States and it is the issue of sexual harassment. Particularly female students, the victims of these cases are told to come forward about what happened†¦show more content†¦All too often do the victims of rape or sexual harassment cases bottle up the incident for months or even years before they are strong enough to publicize the wrongful act. In Sulkowicz’s case, she mentions that in the attack, â€Å"it could take two minutes for it to stop, or he could have strangled me to death.† She had begun to have sex with the man, but he eventually began to physically hurt and choke her, as he anally penetrated her. The Columbia University panel held her assailant not responsible (Perez-Pena, Taylor 1). Sulkowicz had also experienced what is known as ‘forcible compulsion,’ which is physical force, violence, moral, psychological or intellectual force to compel a person to engage in sexual intercourse against their will. While she may have wanted to engage in intercourse to begin with, the physical abuse and anal penetration that ensued quickly into the act, was against her own will. Forcible compulsion need not be at the beginning the act. 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Integrated Supply Chain Network-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Questions: 1.How can Organisations create and deliver better value by operating as Supply Networks? 2.Identify the advantages and disadvantages of an Integrated Supply Chain Network. 3.Identify three critical aspects or attributes of logistics systems referred to in this Case Study. 4.What roles does technology play in a Supply Chain from a Logistics Perspective? 5.Identify three different ways in which technology can fulfil the roles you identified in Question 4 and briefly explain, using examples, how they contribute to Improving Supply Chain Performance. Answers: 1.For growth and expansion of business, the role of supply chain network is undeniable. By adopting strategies the organizations implement powerful modeling approach through application of well structured supply chain design. The first and foremost strategy that an organization need to take in order to deliver values is the planning that should be demand driven and incorporation of business operating model. Proper planning ensures not only the growth but also effective response to risks associated with the business like natural calamities, economic collapse or political upheaval (Ahi and Searcy, 2013). An adaptive and brisk supply chain is key to success of the business operation when planned and executed thoroughly. Identifying the shape of the demand and risk a good supply chain should be responsive to the changes and better adapt to the changing market scenarios with agility. To create better values profitable innovation through adoption of product optimization and management play s important role as it allows the business to stay one step ahead in the competition. Apart from being planned, brisk, adaptive and innovative, a supply chain definitely needs to be sustainable socially and environmentally that give the business edge over others in terms of efficiency in production management skills of suppliers and attractiveness to workers. 2.An integrated supply chain helps create end-to-end collaboration between managers and planners in order to create a dynamic supply network that allows modification and adjustments with agility in the production process. It can also provide operational flexibility to respond briskly to changing demand and market competition through making proper predictions and gathering intelligence about the market and competitors. Transparency of supply, inventories and flow of material are contribution of integrated supply chain that takes communication about the product on a next level (Stadtler, 2015). This can also bring effectiveness in business through higher revenue, better management and collaboration. Among disadvantages the longer time taken to execute the supplies and associated cost factor are main issues faced by the business organizations. Moreover the supply chain involves bigger range of suppliers who need to be synchronized and reliability is major concern for that. Uncertain events like natural disorder or inevitable business problems makes the supplies disrupted affecting business. 3.The case study highlights three major aspects of logistic system as discussed below. Efficiency: An efficient supply chain management contributes to greater market capitalization of the firms. It is the key to turn out the manufacturing capacity with making effective use of strategies sourcing globally. Visibility: To have an insight into the processing and acquiring accurate data regarding the process is essential to ascertain growing business operation. This leads firms to go for adopting technologies (Pritchard, 2007). Technology in logistics: In order to make the supply chain fast track the role of technology in various field of business are undeniably important. Complexity in manufacturing process and uncertain factors can often lead to delayed or cancelled supply affecting business which requires application of technology to minimize the cost of the factors and enhance profit over time through growth in operation. 4.In any supply, chain logistics are the key to bring out the best results. Acquiring of resources, storing and transporting to destination requires management that is undertaken through logistics (Ross, 2013). Now embedding technology to this can make the supply chain process more quick assuring deliverance of good quality. Moreover application of technology makes the business supply chain operation more visible, transparent and simplified. This gives edge to the business over other competitors with more operative efficiency and greater control over inventories (Pritchard, 2007) It generates more customer satisfaction. The technological application can also be time and money saving for the company by reducing cost and time of shipping with less error and providing better quality of services. 5.Application of Radio Frequency Identification is beneficial way to employ technology in strengthening supply chain management. The technology provides chip to be placed on every products in order to make the tracking of inventory authentic and reliable (Wisner, Tan and Leong, 2014.). The associated visibility in RFID technology helps detect in anomalies and make the operation efficient through elimination of errors, reduction of cost and simplification of supply chain as whole. Better way of implementing technology in supply chain is incorporation of social media into the business planning. The social media provides biggest social platform to firms to display their advertising strategies and make their goods and services known widely (Christopher, 2016). This helps in building communication with customers, makes the products of the company more visible and known that enhances the demand. Moreover, social media let the business induce less operation cost and more time and cost friendly strategies of marketing and sales. E commerce is also a technology driven channel of business that help the supply chain be more effective. References: Ahi, P. and Searcy, C., 2013. A comparative literature analysis of definitions for green and sustainable supply chain management.Journal of Cleaner Production,52, pp.329-341. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Green Jr, K.W., Zelbst, P.J., Meacham, J. and Bhadauria, V.S., 2012. Green supply chain management practices: impact on performance.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(3), pp.290-305. Pritchard, S. (2007). Supply Chain Networks: New Sources of Value Creation and Delivery. Ross, D.F., 2013.Competing through supply chain management: creating market-winning strategies through supply chain partnerships. Springer Science Business Media. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tayur, S., Ganeshan, R. and Magazine, M. eds., 2012.Quantitative models for supply chain management(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media. Wisner, J.D., Tan, K.C. and Leong, G.K., 2014.Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach. Cengage Learning

Russian Treaty Thing Essays - North Caucasus, Chechen People

Russian Treaty Thing To most students and a good part of the rest of American society, the issues which have come to surface and shed blood over miles of terrain are intricate and internal, issues which can't be put to rest by signing a piece of paper or so called treaty. The internal structure of Russia has been weakened time and time again for the past decade and the problems and disgruntled begin to lash out as the lack of concern becomes more and more obvious. Since the recent assignation attempt, the fourth on the life of Aslan Maskhadov and the first in his capacity as President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria on July 23, 1998, combined with the vast scale of organized crime, abductions and seemingly unrestricted terrorism over the last 18 months, the unquestioned, taken for granted rights of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness, begin to become a question of validity. For one to try and fathom the fright felt by the Chechen civilians' or begin to wonder why this is happening would be imposs ible, but by taking a closer look at the parties involved in this crisis can help us to understand the issues at place. Amongst all of this horror lies the participants involved, whether a political, ethnic, interest or religious group, each has its own reasons and goals. One participant, the President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Aslan Maskhadov, has only been in office since January of 1997, but remains unbowed in his determination to restore law and order. Unfortunately, attempts on his life have been made before and will most likely be made again. If it is the case that Maskhadov is killed or removed from power, the likelihood for a civil war would grow, resulting in the ultimate consequence of which could become a catastrophe, not only for Chechnya, the North Caucasus and the ?independent' republics of the Transcaucasus, but ultimately for Russia as a whole. A second participant, the President of Russia, has had a huge impact in the progress of this conflict. Mr. Yeltsin is determined to wipe out the entire opposition, rebels, guerrillas, even regular plain clothed civilians refusing to ab andon their homes. This has been stressed time and time again as his men have repeatedly bombed Chechynan land and city's relentlessly, including the capital, Groznyy, which his men plan to fully encircle by mid December. A third participant in this ongoing turmoil is Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. Putin, a former intelligence officer and head of the Federal Security Service and the main successor to the KGB, was promoted from intelligence chief to Prime Minister. Due to his dedication and similarities, Mr. Yeltsin exonerates Vladimir as the man he'd like to see as President. It is nice to know that Mr. Yeltsin admires Vladimir Putin but it sure doesn't thrill me knowing that the Russian Duma voted to confirm Putin as the countries new premier. A fourth participant is the Senior Russian Commander, General Valery Manilov. Manilov is the Russian army's first deputy chief of staff and main Chechnya mouthpiece and recently announced the launch of a new phase in the campaign, saying troops would now pursue the rebels into the mountains. Though the Russians' have proved wise up to now, they have yet to fight the Chechens one on one where the sniper filled streets of Groznyy and Guerrilla warfare methods of the mountains have proved deadly for the Russians. Though Manilov hasn't suffered huge casualties as of yet, he should be wise and cautious about how he decides to take Groznyy. A fifth participant in this ordeal is the British Government though nothing has been spoken about interference of assistance to Chechnya, Russia has been told that they better watch what they do. This is all that has been said for now but if the bloodshed massacre continues more may come. A sixth participant involved in this issue is The Federation Coun cil. The Federation Council is the weaker half of the legislature, but still has been vested with considerable authority under the 1993 constitution. Deputies have the power to confirm border changes within the federation, approve the introduction of martial law or a state of emergency by the president

Dying of Breast Cancer in Early America an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Dying of Breast Cancer in Early America American Experiences (7th edition) by Randy Roberts and James S. Olson primarily focuses on how its people act against America. It shows how people dealt, bent and resisted in contrary to their nation. The readings look at every person on how they carried their work, how they perform their play, revolutionized and loved, subsist and died. It is the story of American people. It illustrates every single action or steps on how a person acts. One of the reading articles I am interested in is about the Wounded and Presumed Dead: Dying of Breast Cancer. I have searched for the past accounts in early America during any interval up to 1950 about the womens incident of breast cancer. In the article, the author cited many persons, for example, Adams family, who suffered from the disease. Although there's an actual occurrence of the disease which has swelled over the past two decades, it still very hard to find confirmations on how women deal with breast cancer. In contemporary times, it is difficult to find out how a woman suffers from the disease, how do they cope and how do they survive, if ever. Coded materials are hard to locate recognizing breast cancer on a person. Also, there's no concrete evidence showing that a person died from the breast cancer alone because of people at that time also suffered from different kind of cancer not only breast cancer. Mainly, a disease is recognized with just an intelligent guess, not in a scientific diagnosis. By that time, people mainly rely on the traditional process of detecting an illness since medial breakthroughs have not yet unveiled. Need essay sample on "Dying of Breast Cancer in Early America" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed People Very Often Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay today? Essay writer professionals propose: Collage Papers For Sale Essays Online For College Write My Paper For Cheap Cheapest Essay Writing Company If we assume that this disease really affected women, then, by what percentage among women is affected? One percent, two percent or five percent? How do we know? People could conclude that a certain disease is really a breast cancer due to the fact that the time is assumed to be "breast cancer occurrence". Also different diseases scourge the people. What if it is tuberculosis, cancer or anything? Besides, in the article, it is hard to conclude that breast cancer really developed from a breast cancer itself. In short, the strikes of the disease on a person are just a story of a person. How could we assure that his story is really true? Here say is difficult to justify that it is really true. In the other side, if it happened, the procedure on operation is very unethical. In one story, the process of treatment seems to be inhuman, treating a person like an animal. It says that there was no anesthesia or any other pre-operation procedure for the pain to minimize. In fact, the surgeon just heated metal spatula for the wound to stop bleeding. The amputation procedure is ruthless. The process should not be like this for it treat a human just a swine where you can do butchery without even mercy. Also, the process shows that the person has no more dignity and worth. Moreover, after the brutal treatment of the patient, you will suddenly know the outcome was very disappointing where the disease was not cured after all possible treatments were done. Imagine how the patient underwent treatment such as amputation and the result is not a success. How atrocious! The worst case is where the disease grew and got bigger. A patient suffered from the great pain of the human operation. Yes, at that time there existed no safe surgical operation, but the way a physician handle the patient is very immoral. Besides, as the article says that in the process of operating the patient, the operational equipment is not sterilized. Meaning, the tools are not safe in operation. I think that time doctor or surgeon has already the concept of clean operation. As a doctor, he must know it beforehand. It just reflects the true image of operation procedure as well as the overall approach of surgeons as well as doctors towards their surgical procedure. This single procedure will reflect, in general to the actual operation how doctors treat their patient. Reference Roberts, R., & Olson, J. S. (2007). American Experiences In (7th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 113-120). United States: Longman Pub Group.

Proctors Problem essays

Proctor's Problem essays Throughout the history and evolution of man, the human mind has progressed in ways that no other species has ever experienced. Beginning with the development of fire, to the feudal age, through the enlightenment and the revolutions, and coming now into the era of technology, humans have developed into the dominant species on this earth. However, people have been forever plagued by human nature and human flaws. There are certain emotions that human brains feel that are natural, and are therefore unexplainable. Although humans are the only species of animal to civilize and to have a recorded history, they are also the only species to wage war and kill unjustifiably. Men experience things such as hate, revenge and lust, things that drive us to do things that hurt us as a civilization. No one can escape these things though, no matter how hard they try. In some way everyone is affected by their flaws. In the book and play The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, human flaws are brought out into t he light in this true account of a sad time when people let their fear and emotions take control, and ended up killing nineteen innocent individuals. John Proctor, a local farmer has, with his actions, become one of the most important individuals in the tragedy that occurred in Salem. Because he did not control his natural urge of lust, he provoked vengeance and hate, ruining his life and everyone else's who was close to him. Although he started out as a sinner by taking Abigail to bed, he redeemed himself by becoming a saint, and dying for the cause of proving the town accusers wrong. In his transformation, from sinner to saint, Proctor reveals his strengths and weaknesses as he faces his moral dilemmas. Before the book even begins, John Proctors weakness takes control of his morals. He, in blind lust, sleeps with his housekeeper, Abigail. When Elizabeth, finds out, she kicks Abigail out of the house, but not before Abigail is so obsessed with Jo...

Mediterranean fruit fly Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Mediterranean fruit fly - Assignment Example Most countries which have been infested have had both successful and unsuccessful eradication programs. New Zealand too has a Biosecurity system which renders protection against such invasions and has been so far successful in keeping the country free from these pests. The main aim of this paper is to understand what the Biosecurity system and policies of the country are effective at during incursion responses and suggest ways in which such responses can be strengthened to ensure better protection against bioinvasions of the Mediterranean fruit flies. There are various kinds of fruit flies found in different regions of the world. The ones belonging to family Tephritidae are considered the true fruit flies. The most important members of the family are the Bactrocera sp and the Ceratitis sp. The Mediterranean fruit fly is binomially known as Ceratitis capitata and ranks among the top most destructive agricultural pests. Its origins lie in tropical Africa but today it is found around the world and is not only highly destructive but is highly invasive as well (Huang et al,2009,p1239). The med fruit fly can be easily distinguished from any other fruit flies because of its characteristics. An adult fly is slightly smaller when compared to an adult common housefly. An adult fly measures about 3-5 mm. The body is straw yellow in color with brownish tinge. The thorax is off-white in color. It bears some marks on the wings but the most prominent one the presence of a broad yellow band across the middle portion of the wings. It also has ocellar bristles (bristles present on the dorsal part of the head) and its eyes are purplish in color. The adult male flies can be segregated from the female flies because the presence of a long pointed expansion on the top of the orbital setae (present between ocelli and eyes) (IFAS,2010). The life history activity of Medfly is dependent on temperature and it completes its life cycle under optimum conditions of temperature. The

Creative Method of Reflexivity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Creative Method of Reflexivity - Essay Example Since I feel the term â€Å"great leader† has been taken from a myth, which the parents and junior schoolteachers love to tell little kids. And even the different theories penned down by scholars about leadership can only be viewed as their fantasies and aspirations about how a leader should be. Disclaimer: All of my above criticism applies if I limit my scope to the political and societal big wheels of the current world only. I may be a cynic but I do whole-heartedly respect the leaders of once upon a time. The god sends that saved and made nations. Therefore, to the keep the derision out of my journal, I’d rather focus on my journey on the leadership trail as I relate my days to the class lectures and discussions I participate. Dated: September 9, 2011 Entry 2 – My Leader After attending each lecture on leadership, I get home with a new picture of leadership in my mind. From the books I’ve read I’ve learnt that to lead one shall be determined, foc used, reliable, decisive, enthusiastic, and courageous and the list goes on. And above all a true leader must possess the charm to draw attention, to create followers and to instigate a movement. Just thinking about the ingredients of perfect leadership creates an image in my mind. A man (no offense meant to females here, since I know leadership exists in the bearings of a human irrespective of sex, class, race, age or nationality) who looks physically fit, standing impeccably dressed facing an expectant crowd with honest, experienced, intelligent eyes, bearing a smile full of promise and unswerving confidence. This is my leader. If we try to fit a face into the picture my mind conjured up, Mr. Barack Obama may be the most likely candidate. Although I’m not in accord with his political motives and certain decisions he makes as a politician, I have high regard for his commitment to his people and country. A black presiding over a nation of whites certainly puts to proof the gr eatness of this man. Fear of social acceptance, I believe, is a fear not so easy to surmount. I wonder if Mr. Obama ever saw that as an obstacle. An average person would surely be traumatized at even the prospect of standing up to be elected as a prospective leader and anticipate acceptance from the very people whose ancestors had been compulsive racists. But Mr. Obama is not an ordinary man. He never was. Dated: September 17, 2011 Entry 3 – Perceptions My last entry dated September 9 helped me sketch out the leader I aspired to have to help me bring about the changes I want in the world around me. When I reread that entry two days ago I got fascinated about the leader figures that inhabit the minds of people around me. I sent messages to my friends and family via cell phone asking who a leader is or placed the question when I met them in class or at home. The one-liner statements they gave are not their comprehensive descriptions of a leader surely, but they presented me wit h interesting angles to â€Å"Aspired Leaders†. Relative 1: â€Å"One who can influence the decisions made by others.† This image on the right definitely goes with the description presented by my relative. There is no greater influence than influence at the point of a gun. Ironically, the

Research a Fortune 500 company Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Fortune 500 company - Research Paper Example Introduction Wal-Mart is regarded as an American based multinational retail business corporation. It is one of the top companies which regained its position in the Fortune 500 list as per the 2012 report. The company emphasized providing quality products to the customers at a reasonable price which supported it to regain its position in the market (Duke, 2012). The management and the marketing strategies that adopted and used by Wal-Mart have a great impact on its increasing sales and the revenue earned. The foremost reasons for the success of Wal-Mart include its effective management, making deliberate efforts to attain its vision and growth among others which are in turn providing the business of the company an edge over others. Management and Marketing Strategies Wal-Mart developed a business model which focused on providing greater satisfaction to the customer with the deliverance of low price products to them. The management of the company followed upon developing its marketing mix strategy. In terms of analyzing management strategies of Wal-Mart, it can be viewed that the management of the company took steps to offer reasonable prices to the different product ranges that they deliver to the customers. The management segments the product type based on the buying capacity of the individuals. In relation to marketing strategies, the company emphasized promoting its broad assortment of products through using hoardings, leaflets and offering special discounts. In this regard, it can be affirmed that the management of the company desires to attract the customers by creating a positive brand name and recognition in the business markets where it operates. Relating to marketing strategy, the management team of the company developed a slogan as a way of promoting its varied products i.e. "Everyday Low Prices."Â   Continuous innovation and the use of technology for making the customers more satisfied are the other managerial approaches that used by Wal-Mart. It can be apparently observed that technology innovation at Wal-Mart typically involves process and service invention that helps in reducing operational costs and time at large. In this context, the management followed three policy goals i.e. respect for individuals, facility to customers and determination for excellence (Hayden et. al., 2002). Different Business Life Cycles that Endured By Wal-Mart The Prosperity Phase- This phase is regarded as the growth phase of any company which is marked by strong economy and market presence. In this similar concern, Wal-Mart maintained this particular phase by offering "high-quality," along with branded products at low prices and also by forming several stores in small towns. Wal-Mart uses the discount merchandising strategy in order to increase the demand and the sales of its products and hence accomplished superior competitive position over others. In relation to this particular phase, the company is growing rapidly due to diversification strateg y that it follows and expanding its outlets in small towns. Another reason for the company to flourish in this modern business market is focusing on delivering high customer services. Due to excessive demand of the products, the management of the company absorbed more employees during this phase (Hayden et. al., 2002). The Recession and Recovery Phase- This is the business phase which exhibits expansion by a significant level. This particular pha

Effectiveness Of Biologigal Wastewater Treatment Environmental Sciences Essay

Effectiveness Of Biologigal Wastewater Treatment Environmental Sciences Essay Wastewater treatment is a serious environmental concern due to the hazards of discharging poorly treated effluent to the environment. Poor wastewater treatment poses a pollution threat to receiving water bodies, groundwater pollution, soil contamination and resulting loss of biodiversity (Mantila, 2002). Dandora Estate Sewerage Treatment Works treats on average 62,000m3 per day annually of wastewater from Nairobi city and its environs through biological treatment and will form the study area. The population targeted in this study is wastewater received and treated at DESTW. The purpose of this study is to find out the effectiveness of biological wastewater treatment and the pollution potential of DESTW activities to the environment. An experimental research design will be used to determine the wastewater characteristics and contaminant removal while a descriptive design will be used to determine the environmental implications of wastewater treatment. The instruments used in the study are observation, laboratory experiments, leopold matrix, network analysis, and impact characteristic analysis. Data analysis will be done using both inferential and descriptive statistics. Wastewater treatment has been defined as the process of removing contaminants from wastewater produced by both domestic and industrial sources (Tchobanglous, 1993). Its objective is to produce treated effluent and sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment which is achieved through physical, chemical and biological processes. The issue of wastewater treatment and disposal assumed increasing importance in the early 1970s as a result of the general concern expressed in the United States and worldwide about the wider problem of pollution of the human environment, the contamination of the atmosphere, rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater by domestic, municipal, agricultural, and industrial waste (Oswald, 1996) A great deal of wastewater treatment plants are scattered all over the world and until recently not much scientific attention was given to these plants. They were considered to solve local problems so specific that one did not want to think it worthwhile to discuss design and operation of them in international fora. However, the interest shown for the 1st International Specialized Conference on Design and Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants (Trondheim, 1989), and the IAWQ Specialist Group on the same subject (formed in 1991), demonstrated that there is a need to discussion on international scale the strategies for planning and the technical development of such plants. The reason for this interest must be found in the abundance of cases around the world where small wastewater treatment plants have to be put in operation to prevent environmental pollution and hazards. There is a global shift from the traditional centralized wastewater treatment system to locally based wastewater solutions (Hallvard, 1993) following the UN Decade for Water and Sanitation recommendations. The need for good solutions for wastewater treatment plants is therefore crucial in many developing countries. Developed countries mainly use mechanical and chemical treatment processes which though requiring less land are very expensive to establish and maintain. Alabaster (1994) cites that many developing countries favour the use of biological treatment which uses wastewater stabilization ponds since climate favours its operation and it is a low-cost, low-maintenance, highly efficient and natural method of wastewater treatment. The Dandora Sewerage Treatment Works (DESTW) which treats wastewater from Nairobi city and its environs uses biological treatment. However, due to stricter discharge standards set by National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), DESTW is increasingly falling short of those standards. Parr and Horan (1994) highlight three principal reasons for wastewater treatment plants failure: a lack of technical knowledge, failure to consider all relevant local factors at pre-design stage and inappropriate discharge standards. Mara (1992) cites the following broad impacts to the environment due to poorly treated effluent: pollution of receiving aquatic water body, groundwater pollution from seepage of effluent, soil pollution from dumping sludge and health impacts from drinking contaminated water or food grown by the same water. 1.2 Problem Statement The problem under investigation in this study is the effectiveness of biological treatment in removing contaminants from wastewater and pollution potential of DESTW activities. Factors making the problem a critical issue to warrant research are: the physical treatment unit at DESTW has not been operational for the past four years; all pond series apart from series 3 and 5 lack anaerobic ponds; closure of series 8 due to water hyacinth infestation may overload series 7; lack of pretreatment facilities in many industries that discharge into the Nairobi city sewer network may reduce treatment effectiveness; and the environmental implications of groundwater pollution by effluent seepage and soil pollution by dumping of toxic sludge. Purpose of the Study Based on the problem stated the purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of biological treatment at removing contaminants from wastewater through empirical method of inquiry and propose sustainable methods of improving treatment effectiveness at DESTW. This study also aims at identifying the potential impacts to the environment resulting from DESTW activities and proposes methods of mitigating negative impacts based on findings. 1.4 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are as follows: To analyze the composition of wastewater received at DESTW To analyze the effectiveness of contaminants mass removal at DESTW To determine the pollution potential in relation to activities of DESTW To identify alternative uses of treated effluent 1.5 Hypothesis There is a positive relationship between the functioning of biological treatment and the quality of effluent at DESTW. 1.6 Significance and Justification of the Study This study addresses gaps in knowledge that exist in biological treatment effectiveness in treating wastewater from Nairobi, sewage effluent has long been cited as the cause of Nairobi River pollution, this study will quantify the extent to which effluent from DESTW pollutes the river. By addressing the above gaps in knowledge, the study will add to the body of knowledge in the field of wastewater treatment in Kenya. This study is important since the results will influence future environmental policies on wastewater management, recommendations will propose sustainable methods suitable for Kenya of further treating the effluent to ensure compliance with discharge standards, and they will also propose methods on improving existing methods of treating wastewater e.g. by harvesting methane gas from anaerobic ponds to provide electricity for running the physical treatment works. The findings and recommendations will mitigate negative impacts to the environment as a result of DESTW activities. Beneficiaries from findings of this study are the community surrounding DESTW who will enjoy cleaner groundwater resources and decrease health risks from eating vegetables grown by effluent or eating fish caught from oxidation ponds. Downstream users of R. Nairobi will enjoy cleaner river water which will decrease prevalence of waterborne diseases. DESTW will benefit from this studys recommendations by increased environmental compliance and they will also cut down on operational costs through generating electricity from anaerobic ponds methane gas. Researchers will benefit from this studys findings which will form background information and methodology reference for future related studies. Policy makers will use the findings and recommendations of this study in formulating policies for wastewater management in Kenya. 1.7 Limitations and Assumptions Limitations Length of the study was limited to 3 months from January to March 2008 where data was to be collected. To overcome this limitation, data for previous years was obtained from the DESTW database. Breakdown of some laboratory machines hindered analysis of samples e.g. water distiller breakdown prevented analysis on some days due to lack of distilled water. Lack of a permanent vehicle at DESTW prevented final effluent sampling on some days. Assumptions It is assumed that the reagents were not contaminated. It is assumed that the measuring equipments were calibrated properly. It is assumed that sampling and storage cans were kept clean to prevent sample contamination. 1.8 Study Area This study will be carried out at the Dandora Estate Sewerage Treatment Works (DESTW) which treats wastewater from Nairobi city and its environs using biological treatment process. The study area was chosen since it forms a representative sample of Nairobi city wastewaters. Commissioning The first phase was completed in 1977 and commissioned on 1978. The second phase was completed in 1990 and commissioned on 1992. Location DESTW is located at Ruai in Embakasi division approximately 30km from the city center and about 3km off Kangundo road. Access to the plant is on a permanent earth road. The site is approximately 1000ha and the oxidation ponds are on 200ha. Climate The climate is a typical Nairobi climate with temperature ranging between 15-30 degrees centigrade. The average rainfall is approximately 760mm with the most of the rains falling in two seasons, March to May (long rains) and October to December (short rains). Geology, soils and topography The geology of the area mainly comprise of Nairobi volcanics covered by black cotton clay soils. The area is generally flat with Nairobi River forming the north Eastern boundary of the land. Flora and fauna The area is generally arid with scanty vegetation cover, mainly sisal and shrubs. The ponds have attracted crocodiles and hippos from the nearby Nairobi River since they provide habitat and cheap source of food to for fauna and flora. Large colonies of different species of birds such as birds of prey (e.g., buzzard, golden eagle, and barn-owl), garden and woodland birds (e.g., pigeon, crow, and sparrow) water-birds and sea-birds (e.g., heron, swans, kingfisher, and curlew), and game birds such as quail hovered around the stabilization ponds during the day. Mudfish and tilapia fish have also been introduced in the maturation ponds to assist in quality monitoring. Number of ponds and arrangement There are a total of 38 waste stabilization ponds at DESTW which occur in 8 series. Facultative and maturation (aerobic) ponds run in parallel. Only series 3 and 5 have anaerobic ponds. Types of ponds There are three types of ponds at DESTW and these are: Anaerobic ponds- they are 4.0m deep and measure 100m by 100m. They are deigned for organic matter removal e.g. helminth eggs. Facultative ponds they are 2.5 m deep and measure 700m by 300m. They are designed for BOD5 removal. Maturation ponds- they are 1.5m deep and measure m by m. They are designed for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Pretreatment and flow measurement facilities DESTW has a conventional inlet works where large suspended solids are screened by coarse bar screens before being automatically raked by cup screens. Grit is removed by use of constant velocity grit traps. A venturi flume is provided for flow measurement. CHAPTETR TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Nature of Wastewater 2.1.1 Origin and Quantity Wastewater originates mainly from domestic, industrial, groundwater, and meteorological sources and these forms of wastewater are commonly referred to as domestic sewage, industrial waste, infiltration, and storm-water drainage, respectively(Mara, 1997). Domestic sewage results from peoples day-to-day activities, such as bathing, body elimination, food preparation, and recreation, averaging about 90 liters per person daily in Kenya (Asano, 1998). The quantity and character of industrial wastewater is highly varied, depending on the type of industry, the management of its water usage, and the degree of treatment the wastewater receives before it is discharged. A typical metropolitan area discharges a volume of wastewater equal to about 60 to 80 percent of its total daily water requirements, the rest being used for washing cars and watering lawns, and for manufacturing processes such as food canning and bottling (WHO, 1992). 2.1.2 Composition The composition of wastewater is analyzed using several physical, chemical, and biological measurements. The most common analyses include the measurements of solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and pH (Pena, 2002). The solid wastes include dissolved and suspended solids. Dissolved solids are the materials that will pass through a filter paper, and suspended solids are those that do not. The concentration of organic matter is measured by the BOD5 and COD analyses. The BOD5 is the amount of oxygen used over a five-day period by microorganisms as they decompose the organic matter in sewage at a temperature of 20 ° C. Similarly, the COD is the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter by use of dichromate in an acid solution and to convert it to carbon dioxide and water. The value of COD is always higher than that of BOD 5 because many organic substances can be oxidized chemically but cannot oxidize biologically (Curtis, 1992) . Commonly, BOD5 is used to test the strength of untreated and treated municipal and biodegradable industrial wastewaters. COD is used to test the strength of wastewater that is either not biodegradable or contains compounds that inhibit activities of microorganisms. The pH analysis is a measure of the acidity of a wastewater sample. 2.2 Biological Wastewater Treatment 2.2.1 Waste Stabilization Ponds Technology Overview Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are usually the most appropriate method of domestic and municipal wastewater treatment in developing countries, where the climate is most favourable for their operation WSPs are low-cost (usually least-cost), low-maintenance, highly efficient, entirely natural and highly sustainable (Alabaster, 1994). The only energy they use is direct solar energy, so they do not need any electromechanical equipment, saving expenditure on electricity and more skilled operation. They do require much more land than conventional electromechanical treatment processes such as activated sludge but land is an asset which increases in value with time, whereas money spent on electricity for the operation of electromechanical systems is gone forever). WSP systems comprise one or more series of different types of ponds. Usually the first pond in the series is an anaerobic pond, and the second is a facultative pond. These may need to be followed by maturation ponds, but this depends on the required final effluent quality which in turn depends on what is to be done with the effluent: used for restricted or unrestricted irrigation; used for fish or aquatic vegetable culture; or discharged into surface water or groundwater (Horan, 1994). Prior to treatment in the WSPs, the wastewater is first subjected to preliminary treatment à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢screening and grit removal à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ to remove large and heavy solids. Basically, primary treatment is carried out in anaerobic ponds, secondary treatment in facultative ponds, and tertiary treatment in maturation ponds. Anaerobic and facultative ponds are for the removal of organic matter (normally expressed as biochemical oxygen demand or BOD), Vibrio cholerae and helminth eggs; and maturation ponds for the removal of faecal viruses (especially rotavirus, astrovirus and norovirus), faecal bacteria (for example, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp. and pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli), and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). Due to their high removal of excreted pathogens, WSPs produce effluents that are very suitable for reuse in agriculture and aquaculture. 2.2.2 Related Research on Biological Wastewater Treatment Mandi (1993) in his comparative study of Wastewater treatment by stabilization ponds with and without macrophytes under arid climate found that ponds using water hyacinth proved most efficient than those using microphytic plants (algae). Howver, the process based on water hyacinth for wastewater purification is faced with two major problems: first the water loss by evapotranspiration reaches 60% during summer time and secondly the development of mosquito during summer time. He however does not address the huge quantities of biomass produced from water hyacinth treatment systems and the resulting increase in sludge deposition rate. Ghrabi (1989) in his experimental study Treatment of wastewater by stabilization ponds application to Tunisian conditions concluded that sediment accumulation occurs mainly in the first pond: the deposition rate is high (5 cm/year). In the maturation ponds, it ranges from 1.3 cm/year to 1.6 cm/year. The first pond can be desludged yearly or once each two years. He however in his study doesnt mention the environmental impacts of sludge to the soil and he also doesnt suggest methods of decreasing the amounts reaching the wastewater stabilization ponds. Jensen (1992) in his study on the Potential use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Northern environments concluded that wetlands achieve 98% phosphorus removal, 88% BOD removal and 55% nitrogen removal respectively. COD removal was only 64% due to discharge of organic matter that is slowly biodegradable e.g. humic acids. This study however didnt estimate the productive lifespan of the constructed wetlands. 2.3 Problems in Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 2.3.1 Wastewater Treatment Plant Problems Many wastewater treatment plants (WwTP) of all kinds in developing countries do not function properly. Parr and Horan (1994) found that there are three principal reasons for WwTP failure: a lack of technical knowledge; failure to consider all relevant local factors at the pre-design stage; and inappropriate discharge standards. As a result, wrong decisions are often made and inappropriate unsustainable treatment processes are selected and implemented. This is then exacerbated by the absence of any real incentive to operate the WwTP correctly once it has been commissioned. It is therefore essential for the long-term sustainability of WwTP that simple efficient technologies such as WSPs are always considered at the pre-design (or feasibility) stage. An honest comparison of the cost-effectiveness of wastewater treatment technologies will almost always favour the selection of WSPs in warm-climate countries. 2.3.2 Environmental Problems of Wastewater Treatment and Disposal If wastewater is discharged before it is properly treated, it can adversely affect the environment, public health and destinations economic well-being. The cost of these negative impacts can be expressed in monetary, health and ecological terms (Mara, 1997). Mantila (2002) identifies a number of consequences of poorly treated wastewater: Health Impacts from pathogenic bacteria, viruses and toxic algae cause diarrhoea, shellfish poisoning and other diseases; bathing in polluted water causes gastroenteritis and upper respiratory diseases; eating polluted shellfish results in hepatitis, liver damage and in some cases death. Impact on Marine Environment in the form of suspended solids may cause excessive turbidity and shading of sea grasses, produce sedimentation, damaging benthic (bottom layer) habitats and affect anaerobic conditions at the sea bottom; high BOD levels may cause severe oxygen depletion especially in shallow and enclosed aquatic systems such as estuaries that are ideal breeding grounds for various marine species resulting in fish deaths and anaerobic conditions which release bad odors(hydrogen sulfide); adverse nutrient levels cause algal blooms, resulting in the death of coral and sea grasses and eutrophication leading to severe oxygen depletion which kills living resources; many toxic materials and suspected carcinogens and mutagens can concentrate in fish tissue, putting humans at risk when they eat them; metals in specific forms can be toxic to humans and various marine organisms especially shellfish which is vulnerable, in areas with highly contaminated sediment layers; fats, oil an d grease that float on the water surface interfere with natural aeration, are possibly toxic to aquatic life, destroy coastal vegetation and reduce recreational use of waters and beaches. Impact on Groundwater and Water Resources in the form of improper disposal of wastewater can directly impact the quality of an areas groundwater and water resources and since their movements are dynamic, contaminants can spread far beyond the immediate pollution area. 2.4 Wastewater Management Options Oswald (1995) states that the following issues should be addressed before designing an effective wastewater management plan: assess current wastewater management practice before water is discharged to the municipal treatment facility, identification of sources of wastewater, determine whether discharged wastewater quality meets effluent standards, identify whether industries carry out pre-tretment of their wastewater and finally assessing complaints from users of reclaimed wastewater effluent. Once the situation has been assessed, a range of approaches and techniques to deal with wastewater can be considered. Bartone (1996) argues that to ensure effective treatment o wastewater, the volume has to be reduced to prevent overloading of wastewater treatment plants and this can only be achieved at the source through installation of water efficiency equipment e.g. ultra-low flush toilets, spray nozzles, low-flow showerheads, water spigots, all which reduce overall water consumption. Collection of domestic wastewater and transportation to a distant treatment plant is a difficult and highly expensive task, if the catchment area to be served is low in population density (Tchobanoglous, 1993). Onsite treatment of sewage is the alternative and has been applied al around the world for many centuries. However, purification achieved by traditional onsite treatment systems such as septic tanks (DIN, 1993) is rather poor especially with respect to nutrient removal and as a result impacts on the quality of groundwater are inevitable. The basic idea of the biofilter septic tank was introduced by Toshio Yahata (1981) and further developed by Stubner and Sekoulov (1987). The biofilm reactor septic tank has been found to be more efficient (Robert, 1996) and effluent can be reused for irrigating or flushing toilets. 2.5 Conceptual Framework This study is based on the conceptual framework below that aims at optimal use of resources in an environmentally sustainable manner. Stage Description The main sources of generation are households, commercial and industrial sources. This is done through the sewer network in Nairobi and conveyed to DESTW. An annual average of 62000 m3 wastewater reaches DESTW daily It aims at screening solids and grit removal from wastewater stream. Coarse bar screens- remove large suspended solids Medium bar screens remove smaller suspended solids Cup screens- remove finer suspended solids Grit traps- remove grit and sand particles from wastewater Involves use of wastewater stabilization ponds Anaerobic ponds are designed for organic matter removal Facultative ponds- are designed for BOD removal Maturation ponds- designed for nitrogen and phosphorus removal Treated effluent disposed of in Nairobi River Effluent reused for agricultural irrigation and livestock watering. Fig 1: Conceptual framework for wastewater treatment and disposal in Nairobi.(Adapted from WHO,1992) CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design The design used in this research is experimental since analysis of wastewater quality is done in the laboratory. It is also descriptive since the state of the environment and biological treatment process are described. The approach used in this study is deductive since it begins with the perceptual experience and observation of an environmental problem, leads to hypothesis formulation, experimental design, data collection, statistical analysis, theory construction, and finally to explanation. 3.2 Population and Sample Population The population targeted in this study is the wastewater received and treated at DESTW which averages 62,000m3 per day annually. Sample types Grab samples were necessary for parameters such as pH, ammonia, and faecal indicator bacteria. Flow-weighted composite samples were necessary for raw sewage parameters such as electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, Frequency of sampling Raw sewage was sampled hourly because its composition varies considerably throughout the day. Flow was sampled hourly throughout the day. Final effluents were sampled once daily before noon. Pond series were sampled once every week. Nairobi River upstream and downstream was sampled once a week. Data Collection Instruments 3.3.1 Field Observation Environmental impacts will be identified using field observation which will be aided by the following instruments a) Leopold matrix It is a grid-like table that is used to identify the interaction between project activities, which are displayed along one axis, and environmental characteristics, which are displayed along the other axis. Using the table, environment-activity interactions can be noted in the appropriate cells or intersecting points in the grid. Entries are made in the cells to highlight impact severity or other features related to the nature of the impact, e.g. numbers in this study are used to indicate scale in this study. This instrument was chosen for environmental impact identification because it links the action to the impact, shows impact magnitude and significance, and is a good way of displaying environmental impact results. b) Network analysis Networks illustrate the cause-effect relationship of project activities and environmental characteristics. They are, therefore, particularly useful in identifying and depicting secondary impacts (indirect, cumulative, etc). They are drawn by identifying first order impacts first then linking them to second order impacts and third order impacts by use of an arrow. This instrument was chosen for environmental impact identification since it links the actions to the impacts, is useful I simplified form for checking for second order impacts and can handle direct and indirect impacts. c) Impact characteristics analysis It is normally in the form of a summary table and this instrument was chosen for environmental impact identification because it shows impact nature, magnitude, extent/location, timing, duration, reversibility, likelihood (risk), and significance. 3.3.2 Laboratory experiments Experiments were performed to determine the composition of wastewater at DESTW and the mass removal of contaminants from the wastewater. The apparatus below will be used during the laboratory experiments: Plastic sampling cans were used to collect and store samples. A wooden pole with 1cm graduations was used to measure depth at the venturi flume. A refrigerator was used to store samples at below 4 degrees Celsius. Burettes, conical flasks, pipettes, beakers, and digestion tubes were used to hold samples and reagents when analyzing for various parameters in the laboratory. Ovens, digestion blocks, water baths, and fume chambers were used in creating conducive conditions for chemical reactions to take place in the laboratory. Pan balances, beam balances, UV spectrophotometers, atomic absorption spectrophotometers, water quality meters and flame photometers were used to measure values of various parameters in the samples. 3.4 Data Collection Procedures 3.4.1 Laboratory Analysis Procedures Parameters will be analyzed according to Alabasters 1989 Practical Guide to the Monitoring of Waste Stabilization Ponds standard operations manual that was adopted by the DESTW laboratory. a) Flow This will be measured on the raw sewage and final effluents using the venturi flume which is a restriction in the channel carrying wastewater. The formula below was used to calculate flow. Q =2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡2/3 g CV.CD . b. h3/2 Where Q= flowrate m3/s CV = coefficient of velocity CD = coefficient of discharge b = width of throat (m) h = upstream depth (m) b) COD total and filtered The micro-digestion sealed tube method will be used with potassium dichromate as digestion solution and ferrous ammonium sulphate as titration solution. Procedure 1.5 ml of digestion solution is dispensed into a digestion tube, 2.5 ml of sample is added using a pipette and mixed well, 3.5 ml of catalyst solution (silver sulphate in 2.5 liters of sulphuric acid ) is added, the tube is capped tightly using a PTFE sealing gasket, the tubes contents are then mixed by gentle swirling, the tubes are then placed in a digestion block at 1500 C for 120 minutes, contents of the tube are transferred quantitavely to 100ml conical flask and sufficient water added to a final volume around 25 ml , 1 drop of ferroin indicator is added and the solution mixed well, it is titrated with FAS (N/40) until the faint blue colour changes to red and the value of the titre T ml recorded, a blank titration is carried out following the same procedure but using distilled water instead and the value of blank titre B ml recorded. COD calculated as follows: COD = (B-T) / S ÃÆ'- 1000 mg/l c) BOD total The standard 5 days, 20 0C, BOD bottle test will be used. Reagents Dilution water, ferric chloride solution, manganous sulphate solution, sodium azide solution, alkali- iodide solution, 90 % orthophosphoric acid, N/40 sodium thiosulphate, starch solution. Procedure Dilution water is prepared, sample added and incubated at 200C for 5 days to determine dissolved oxygen, remove stopper from the BOD bottle and 2ml each of manganous sulphate solution, sodium azide solution, alkali- iodide solution, immediately after the addition of alkali-iodide reagent a brown flocculent precipitate forms therefore the bottle is shaken to ensure that all the dissolved oxygen reacts with the reagents, when the floc settles add 2ml orthophosphoric acid and shaken until the bottle contents turn yellow, 205 ml of the bottle contents is titrated with N/40 sodium thiosulp

A Conflict of Cultural Values between Generations Essay

Two generations clash in Hanif Kureishi’s short story, â€Å"My Son, The Fanatic. † Parvez, the father, is an immigrant from Pakistan while his son, Ali, was born and grew up in England. In his adopted country, the father has exerted the effort to imbibe the English values and raise his son the English way; his son, meanwhile, suddenly decides to explore his familial roots and denounce everything Western. The story plays out the generational conflict between father and son in the context of their differing cultural values. Parvez is a good father according to traditional standards as to how a father should be. He grew up in his native Pakistan but left behind his old life when he migrated to England. He is hard-working. He has devoted his life to ensuring his son’s education and supplying his needs. He measures his accomplishments according to his son’s own. With an intelligent son who is also good at sports, he feels he has done well as a father. He is also concerned about Ali all the time. When he senses something wrong with his son, he immediately tries to find out the reasons for the latter’s behavior. While a good father, however, Parvez has forgotten his roots. He has renounced his old religion. He studied in a strict Islamic school as a boy, but has since stopped following its tenets. He is a taxi driver in England now and here, taxi drivers make â€Å"jokes about the local mullahs walking around with their caps and beards. † (Kureishi, 1196). The son, Ali, while he grew up in England, feels alienated with British culture. The story suggests, however, that the alienation occurs at a certain point in his life. The father’s dilemma begins when Ali starts throwing away his old toys, games and clothes. He gives up his sports and old friends, too. It is revealed later on that the reason for these changes is because Ali has embraced Islam. Along with his conversion is the realization that there is too much freedom in the west that is more destructive than liberating to the human soul. He sums up all that is wrong with the western civilization by declaring that â€Å"the west was a sink of hypocrites, adulterers, homosexuals, drug takers and prostitutes† (Kureishi, 1198). Furthermore, he believes that Muslims are being persecuted and thus should declare war against other religions. Ali’s fanaticism causes the conflict between him and his father. The latter begins to feel that his son’s mind has been convoluted with his newfound faith. Parvez tries to understand Ali and hopes to make him realize the wrong logic in his Islamic faith by inviting him out to dinner. It only worsens the conflict, though. Ali chastises his father for drinking and gambling, forbidden acts in the religion. He expresses his disapproval at the fact that his father eats pork in spite his still being a Muslim. Parvez explains his side by telling his son that they are in England now and they have to fit in. Ali, however, could not be swayed in his strong convictions against western civilization. The problem with the west, according to him, is being allowed too much freedom. He also tells his father that he is going to stop going to school because â€Å"western education cultivates an anti-religious attitude† (Kureishi, 1198). This totally crushes the father. After all, he has invested his entire life for his son and Ali’s decision would put to waste his dreams and the long hours he has worked. The story climbs to a climax when Parvez sees his son walking on the street on the poor side of town where there are two mosques. He asks Ali to get into the car. Beside him in the front seat is Bettina, the prostitute whom Parvez has made a close friendship. While Bettina tells Ali about how his father loves him, hoping to engage him in conversation, the son only responds with anger and comments on her profession. His son’s disgust and prejudice against Bettina humiliates Parvez in front of his friend. The night after this incident, Parvez forces himself into Ali’s room while the young man is praying. He kicks and hits him. He is disappointed and desperate with both his son and himself. He thinks that if reasoning with his son would not bring him to his senses, punishing him physically would. The boy, however, does not fight back but instead turns the table upon his father by asking; â€Å"So who’s the fanatic now? † (Kureishi, 1201). The final question which Ali accuses his father with begs an analysis as to who is in the right in the conflict between the father and his son. To Parvez, living in England is an escape from a life in Pakistan which he feels constricted him. To Ali who has become a devout Muslim, everything about England is a contradiction to the tenets of his newfound faith and the country, and others that practice the western culture, is prejudice to people like him. Each one has valid reasons for his actions, but any belief or value that is imbibed and led to the extreme—into fanaticism—could be harmful and cannot be acceptable. The concept of democracy as a western ideal is positive only up to a point as much as Islam is positive until it is taken to extremes. Furthermore, Parvez could not force his own beliefs and values upon his son at his age because Ali has already reached adulthood, that time in life when a person could already think for himself, when his will cannot be controlled as easily as when he was a mere child, and when can no longer be called his father’s child. If Parvez and his son could not meet halfway because they are consumed by their respective cultural beliefs and their fanaticism, they would only be at peace with each other if they learn to accept their differences. Work Cited Kureishi, Hanif. â€Å"My Son, The Fanatic. â€Å"

Mgx Assignment

Negotiated Agreements/eliminative/Protective Techniques of Long-term Strategies ill. Use of Personal Relationships lb. Proactive Strategies 1 OFF it. Development Introduction The world of business is becoming overcrowded every day, and companies have to develop strategies on a global basis. Political, legal, cultural and economic circumstances vary significantly around the world. Even though investing in an international market may require intensive capital, the reward of such a business ay be enormous.The sale of products and services in another country enables the company to increase its sales, expand the products life cycle, improve brand recognition, and reduce the risks of operating in a single market (Hill, 2009). Before choosing a foreign country for business, numerous aspects have to be considered. For instance, one must consider the nature of politics in that country as well as the political risks involved. Political risks entail the hazardous impacts that political events o r decisions may have on a business. Such risks range from corruption, tax laws, and protests to wars.To manage these risks, companies must carry out comprehensive research beforehand. Some countries may be extremely conservatives while others may be easy to do business (Harrison, 2009). This paper will examine the political aspects affecting entry into an emerging country in comparison to entry into a less developed country. Special attention will be given to Brazil and Bangladesh. Political Aspects Related to Brazil There are different political systems in Brazil that are likely to affect business. To certain extent, these risks subject the country's investors and their investment at take.An examination of Brazier's political environment indicates that Brazil is a federal republic made up of 26 states and a capital district. It has a dynamic multi- party system of government with twenty parties represented within its congress, this is to suggest that it is a democratic state. The q uality and effectiveness of the government services and infrastructure are continuously being improved by the government Jeffrey, 2011). Despite the massive improvements that have been witnessed in Brazil, the country still grapples with corruption related risks that may hinder business.These cases were most prevalent during the reign of the former president Luis Niacin â€Å"Lull† Dad Silva. After taking office in 2002, the president was instrumental in improving the country's poor economic condition. However, scandals tainted his presidency especially in 2007 when it was discovered that government officials were participating in trade of municipal properties. Political protests are a common sight in the streets of key cities in Brazil. This is usually done by local groupings pushing for certain agendas to be addressed by the government.Such protestors' tendency to involve violence, looting and destruction of property. For instance, Brazil witnessed a considerable number of protests against ALCOA which intended to set up a hydroelectric power plant in the country in 2004. The protests were sparked by the environmental groups who wanted the company to consider mitigating environmental damages in its project (Hill, 2009). Another risk of doing businesses in Brazil is that of rampant police brutality and gang violence. It is estimated that approximately 50,000 homicides are reported every year in the country.It is also alleged that the police are often behind numerous extra judicial executions. This has tainted the image of what is by far one of the most prominent economies in Latin America (Hefted, 2007). While the country presents numerous reasons that defend its position as a strong market, entry requires extensive research and planning. Regardless of the company's consideration, be it acquisitions or restructuring, it needs to understand the strategic and fiscal impact of such decisions and the fore mentioned implementation risks.Appreciating where th e opportunities and risks are positioned, the size of each opportunity and what opponents are doing will arm the company with the confidence to enter the Brazilian arrest (Derek, 2006). Political Aspects Related to Bangladesh Like Brazil, Bangladesh has also experienced massive growth in its political systems. For instance, the country has witnessed the transition of power to democratically elected leaders. Despite this significant change, there are still confrontational tendencies within the political front.In 2007, for instance, the government was forced to declare a state of emergency after the opposition protested against the ruling presidency of Sheik Hessian Waged. This has, over the course of time, had negative repercussions on foreign business growth (Theodore, 010). Moreover, party politics between the opposition Bangladesh Nationalists Party (BAN) and Bangladesh Miami League (AL) remain rife. It seems neither of the two can back down from confrontations on how to run the g overnment. The ongoing trails on war crimes too catalyst the political unrests.In fact, these tribunals still have a long way to go before issue of verdicts. However, the courts already issued the first ruling which is expected to stabilize the political air. This goes a distance to remove the fear that Psalmists wars could have begun. The political climate is relatively tense for doing business. Recent cases of violence have been reported in areas around Southeast Chitchatting. Such violence is characterized by ethnic clashes between those in support of a democratic regime and those who desire the status quo to remain. The political risk is further heightened by a high level of poverty and inflation.It is estimated that roughly one in every three Bangladesh is afflicted with abject poverty. Moreover, thousands demonstrate in the streets against the arrest of their trade-union leader. Significantly, the government loses grip of maintaining law and order hence scaring off possible in vestors. It is no doubt that a country that lacks democratic systems and effective leadership is bound to repel economic growth. Political risks play a significant role of barring investors from investing in the country for fear that their businesses would be at stake.This comparison has shown the aspects of doing business in both Brazil and Bangladesh. Over the past decade, Brazil has become a progressively attractive and profitable market for international companies. More companies are seen to shift their focus on this emerging economy. Entering Brazil is good, however it's not easy cause of the immense competition and the availability of business know-how among other reasons (Peabody, 2005). On the other hand, Bangladesh is a less developed country whose economy major depends on the garments industry.Entry into this country is relatively easy because government restrictions are not deterrent to foreign business. All the same, Brazil is a favorite of many because of the immense po tential for profitability. Regardless of a relatively splendid performance in the last two decades, the Bangladesh economy is plagued with numerous structural weaknesses, which are yet to be addressed. Some of the significant issues include an incapacitated public sector, intellectualized financial sector, lack of export diversification, poor infrastructure, and pervasive corruption (Scheme, 2004).The failure of the government to address these long-standing problems has adversely affected the investment environment. On the other hand, Brazier's problems are on a lower scale, and the government is seen to put structures in place in order to develop all of its sectors. Compared to Brazil, Bangladesh is a poor economy characterized by a vast population living in rural areas. The main economic activity is agriculture armament manufacturing, but many businesses are seen to shift into the service and production industries. The case of Brazil is that of relative advancement.The country has a mature democracy, sustainable infrastructure and relative ease of doing business. Overcoming Political Risks Multi-national companies wishing to invest in the foreign market must develop long-term strategies based on intensive market research. They must be able to exercise their existing position relatively well and ensure they maximize on their experience in order to succeed. Depending on existing strategies, companies should insider entering into a venture arrangement with the local representatives or distributors.This is cheaper and will be made easier if the venture company operates the same business. However, any contract agreement should include terms that permit for local production through a Joint venture, an acquisition, or a new plant. Additionally, when entering through these avenues, companies should always embark on a due diligence assessment and channel analysis. This will go a long way in managing any potential political risks (Guppy, 2006). The use of existing adv antages within the multinational company will enable it to have a bargaining rower over the foreign nation.This will work well with corporations who have large economies of scale that can enable them to influence key business decisions in the host country (Hill, 2009). An entry strategy that maximizes on the use of personal relationships will auger well with any foreign situation. Many foreign companies are known to license distributors or dealers to represent their products and services on a non-exclusive or exclusive basis. As these companies become more ascertained in multinational company gains immense power ensuring that the host country doesn't interfere with its affairs.This is referred to as an integrative technique. Another choice that may minimize political risk would be the operation companies from distant offices situated in politically stable countries either in Southeast Asia or India. The whole company or a part of it may be operated remotely (Hefted, 2007). This is r egarded as a protective technique. On other occasions, a multinational corporation may foresee certain future hardships while operating in a foreign country. In this case, it will be crucial to adopt a proactive approach to manage these risks.This strategy entails the use of campaign financing and intensive lobbying to push the host government towards handling the foreseen adversities. By so doing, the impact of those risks will be reduced before they reach the company. Managing political risks requires the use of negotiated agreements that involve all the necessary stakeholders. For instance, ALCOA managed its risks by agreeing to terms demanded by the protestors. This included an agreement to compensate all citizens who were resettled following the launch of the hydroelectric project.Similarly, they adopted the use of environmental consultants to assist in the taxation of environmental damage (Hefted, 2007). Similarly, cases of corruption and economic risks may be managed through the hiring of transparent agencies or via diversification of products to other countries. However, sometimes the multinational company may consider withdrawing altogether if the terms are too hostile. Conclusion In conclusion, it is fundamental to note that any decision to enter into international business must be accompanied by an assessment of the potential risks and threats. Political factors form the most crucial part of this assessment.This is rue because the political environment of any country has the potential to influence how business is carried out (Itchy, 2010). Given Brazier's financial stability and immense support from the state, many investors are streaming into the country. Bangladesh, on the other hand, still lurks behind in terms of political maturity and economic growth. It requires a new company to adopt various entry methods in order to remain viable. Nonetheless, by identifying and managing key elements that influence foreign trade, like political risks, new co mpanies are likely to flourish. Adler, N. (2008).

Carrie Review Essays

Carrie Review Essays Carrie Review Essay Carrie Review Essay The Importance of Respect Carrie is a supernatural thriller film based on the novel Carrie written by Stephen King. The theme of this film is about respect. The main character in this film is Carrie White. She is a shy and quiet girl who does not have many friends. She has telekinesis which enables her to move things by using her mind. Carrie lived with her mother, Margaret White, who was a Christian fanatic that like to abuse her. The other main character is Chris Hargensen, the popular girl who always bullies and abuses Carrie. She hates Carrie for making her banned from the prom. Then there is Sue Snell, Chris ex-friend who takes a pity on Carrie. She helps Carrie to enjoy her prom night by asking her boyfriend to take Carrie to the prom. And there are Tommy Ross, which is Carries prom date, and Miss Collins, a caring gym teacher that is always there for Carrie. I believe that the main message behind the film is that we have to respect each other because nobodys perfect. The quote What you sow is what you reap is robably the best thing that can explain the main message of the film. For all the things that Chris has done to Carrie, Chris finally got her own punishment. Another message that Stephen King is trying to say is related with religion. Stephen King shows his message through Margaret White. Margaret White is a Christian fanatic who abuses Carrie because she believed that Carrie didnt walk in the right track. So she tried to guide Carrie to the right track according to what she thinks is right. In the last scene of the film, the burning house indicates hell. Stephen King wants the audience know that religion cant save you. Even if you are a religious fanatic, your relationship with God is the most important thing. I personally didnt like the film because its so frightening and shocking especially the last part of the film. And moreover, I dont like thriller film. However, the film taught me a good moral lesson. Basically, you get what you give. So Just give some respect to other people and you will get respect from others.

How to Manage Studying and Sports

How to Manage Studying and Sports If you are a college athlete, no matter which sport you participate in you will face one common hurdle balancing training commitments with your studies. If you are a scholarship student then learning how to manage studying and sports is even more important since you are likely to have a minimum grade you are required to maintain in order to keep your scholarship! Even if you are not on a team, and just like to participate in sports or fitness on a casual basis, it can also be tough to find the right balance. That’s why we have put together this collection of helpful tips and techniques to help you learn how to manage studying and sports. Study Tips for Athletes These handy hints are going to help athletes learn how to manage studying and sports so that they can maintain good grades while still performing well in their chosen sporting activity. Get a Planner Stay Organized One of the best tips we can offer when it comes to learning how to manage studying and sports is to get a planner and learn to stay organized. You will be issued with a list of practice sessions and games or tournaments early on in the season. Mark all of these into your planner straight away. Add in study commitments such as homework assignments and exams as you are given the details. You will be able to see immediately if there is a clash. If you notice that an important assignment is due the day after a big game, then that is your cue to get started early. Finish the assignment before the game and you will have one less thing to stress over! Learn How to Manage Your Time Effectively Following on from making use of a planner is managing your time more effectively. You already know school hours, game times and practice times, so those are automatically blocked off already. Marking this in your calendar or planner helps you to see how much time you actually have for studying and other leisure activities allowing you to plan more effectively. Make Good Use of Travel Time As an athlete, it is likely that you will have to travel to away games and tournaments. It could be just one town over, or it could be out of state. Make the most of this time by using it to study. Pack some revision notes or textbooks to catch up on your reading on the bus! If you are going to be staying away overnight then bring some homework to do at your hotel. It is easy to see these trips as downtime or vacation, but if you gather a group of like minded teammates together who also want to study, then it is a great opportunity to stay on top of your school work. Ask About Supported Study Programs Sports teams want their athletes to do well academically. Many of them will have study support available in the form of tutors or study groups for any athlete struggling to balance study and sport. Ask if there is any help available to you and make use of it. That is why these programs are in place, so don’t be afraid to use them! Don’t Treat Sport Like Work Playing sports has an overall benefit to your mental, physical and emotional health. It gives you a healthy outlet for the pressures of studying as you get to do something you love. However, if you begin to see sport as a chore rather than a fun activity it stops serving those purposes. Never lose sight of the fact that your studies are the real work here and sport is your outlet. If you keep that in mind you may just find that they both help each other! General Tips for Managing Studying Sports These are more general tips for learning how to manage studying and sports. They can be used by athletes, but are also great for the the casual sports enthusiast just trying to find the right balance. Listen to Audio Books or Lectures at the Gym or Out Jogging If you are hitting the gym for a couple of hours, or maybe heading out for a run on the track you probably listen to music. Why not switch it up and use that time to listen to audiobook versions of your set texts or recordings of lecture notes? It’s a great way to catch up on reading and you will be surprised at how much sinks in! Workout At Your Desk You can actually fit in a workout while sitting at your desk! Chair squats are a great way to work all of the major muscle groups in your lower body! While working on your paper, stand at your desk with your feet flat on the floor. Keep your back straight and press down with your heels, squatting until your butt is an inch above the chair. Hold for 10 seconds then sit back down. Repeat this around 20 times at regular intervals. Not only will you work your muscles, but you are also elevating your heart rate and engaging your core. Set Realistic Goals Studying at college is stressful as it is without spreading yourself too thinly. It is great to want to incorporate sport into your daily routine, but be realistic. Can you really commit to a 6am run every single day or a workout session at the gym every evening? The answer is probably not! Schedule in time for your sporting activities just like you would study sessions. Think about the time available to you and use it wisely. If sport becomes a chore you will start to fall out of love with it , so stick to once or twice a week. In conclusion, there are a variety of techniques that can be utilized in order to manage studying and sports. Regardless of whether you are an athlete trying to meet your scholarship requirements, or just a sports enthusiast looking to balance fitness and study, these tips are a great place to start. Choose the ones that are going to work for you and adapt others to meet your individual needs. Maybe reading this list will even inspire you to come up with your own techniques for how to manage studying and sports?

Care Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Care Plan - Essay Example The patient has been fired from several jobs. When she does work it becomes difficult for co-workers as she moves into one of her depressive cycles. During this time she becomes "caustic" and "irritable". With her presenting behaviors the patient has been given a diagnosis of "Bipolar Disorder". The case study did not specifically say whether she was diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder I or II but from the presenting problems it appears to be Bipolar Disorder I. The DSM-IV (1994) describes Bipolar Disorder within several different categories. It describes 296.4x Bipolar I Disorder as having the "most recent episode manic." This is the case with the patient. The criteria for this is someone who has "most recently had a manic episode, there has been at least one major depressive episode" (DSM-IV, p. 357)and other types of disorders have been ruled out.. Bipolar Disorder usually begins between the ages of 21 and 30 and it has been statistically shown that over 50% of bipolar patients also have a challenge with substance abuse (Boyd and Nihart, 1998, 0. 456). Although it is only reported from the husband that substance abuse or drugs "may" be involved it is something that needs to be explored more thoroughly. The patient also started having bouts of depression before the age of 34 (their current age) and these periods exacerbated at the death of her father. Clinical issues that present themselves in Bipolar Disorder include an elevated or irrit able mood, impaired functioning and several depressive and manic phases. There are also challenges with interpersonal relationships. The disorder also has behaviors of "reckless spending which can cause financial ruin and work related problems that can include difficulty in focusing" (Boyd and Nihart, p. 457). The patient has been spending money "recklessly" according to her husband on items that they cannot afford. The patient is also having problems with irritable mood and the

Needs of Internal and External Influences Assignment

Needs of Internal and External Influences - Assignment Example As the study outlines the availability of each student must be considered to ensure that the curriculum set matched the availability time of the student. This greatly increases the turn up of the students in the class. Lack of student schedule consideration might result to clashing of the class time, and the time they are required to be away as most of them might be employed or have children to attend to. Determining the level of education each student has reached in his lifetime will greatly improve the in cooperation of the curriculum. This provides the teacher with a guideline on where to start teaching from, and the type of teaching methodology to use for effective teaching, lack of consideration of this matter might lead to students not understanding as they might be left behind due to lack of understanding. It is important to consider the willingness of the students in learning. This study declares that majority of the students might not be willing to sacrifice their time and resources to acquire education. Considering this will greatly save a lot of time in the design of the curriculum, as the teachers are able to determine the kinds of students that she/he teaches. The available space in the institution needs to be considered to determine the number of students it can accommodate at a given time. This will greatly help in planning the number of students each intake will hold. In consideration to the case study presented, the level of learning of the adult students should be taken into consideration since it states, â€Å"Many of these adults generally do not possess the required formal qualifications for entry into the university, and many have been distant from any form of formal education for some time†.