History of Pearl Diving in Qatar

Pearl diving was one of Qatar’s main industries until the early 1940s when oil replaced it.  After being the major industry of the area for thousands of years, pearl diving was a decaying profession by the 1930s, after the introduction of Japanese cultured pearls and the Great Depression made pearl diving unprofitable. Even though pearling is no longer a thriving industry, it remains a beloved part of Qatari culture. History and Decline of the Pearling Industry Pearls were treasured in the ancient world, especially by Arabs, Romans, and Egyptians. These areas were largely supplied by the pearling industry in the Persian Gulf, with pearl divers working hard to keep up with the high demand from trading partners in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Pearl diving was risky and physically taxing. The lack of oxygen, the fast change in water pressure, and the sharks and other marine predators made pearl diving a very dangerous profession. Despite the danger, however, the high value of the pearls made pearl diving a profitable profession. When Japan created oyster farms in the mid-1920s to generate cultured pearls, the pearl market became glutted. In addition, the advent of the Great Depression in the 1930s devastated the pearl market as people no longer had extra money for luxury items such as pearls. With the market for pearls drying up, it was a miraculous event for the Qatari people when oil was discovered in 1939, changing their entire way of life. How Pearls Are Formed Pearls are formed when a foreign object enters the shell of an oyster, mussel, or other mollusk and becomes trapped. This object can be a parasite, grain of sand, or small piece of shell, but more commonly it is a food particle. To protect itself from the particle, the mollusk releases layers of aragonite (the mineral calcium carbonate) and conchiolin (a protein). Over a period of two to five years, these layers build up and form a pearl. In oysters and freshwater mussels, nacre (mother of pearl) gives pearls their natural luster. Pearls from other mollusks have a porcelain-like texture and don’t shine like pearls with nacre do. Qatar is a perfect place to find such beautiful, shiny pearls.  Because of its abundant freshwater springs, the water there is part salty and part fresh, an ideal environment for nacre formation. (Most of the fresh water comes from the Shatt al Arab River.) Cultured pearls follow the same essential formation process as natural pearls, but they are created under carefully controlled conditions on a pearl farm. Pearling Voyages Traditionally, Qatar’s pearl fishers made two annual boat voyages during the June-September fishing season. There was a long trip (two months) and a shorter trip (40 days). Most pearling boats (often called a â€Å"dhow†) contained 18-20 men. Without modern technology, pearl diving was extremely dangerous. The men didn’t use oxygen tanks; instead, they pinched their noses with pieces of wood and held their breaths for up to two minutes. They would also often wear a sheath made of leather on their hands and feet to protect them from the rocky surfaces found below. Then they would throw a rope with a rock tied at the end into the water and jump in. These divers would often swim over 100 feet below, quickly use their knife or a rock to pry oysters and other mollusks off of rocks or the sea floor and place the oysters in a rope bag that they had hung around their necks. When they could hold their breath no more, the diver would pull on the rope and be pulled back up to the boat. Their load of mollusks would then be dumped on the deck of the ship and they would dive again for more. Divers would continue this process throughout the day. At nighttime, the dives would stop and they would all open the oysters to look for the valuable pearls. They could go through thousands of oysters before finding even one pearl. Not all dives went smoothly, however. Diving that deep meant that rapid changes in pressure could cause serious medical problems, including bends and shallow water blackout. Also, the divers were not always alone down there. Sharks, snakes, barracudas, and other aquatic predators were rampant in the waters near Qatar, and would sometimes attack divers. The pearl diving industry got even more complicated when colonial tycoons got involved. They would sponsor pearling voyages but require half of the divers’ profits. If it was a good voyage, then all could become wealthy; if it was not, then the divers could become indebted to the sponsor. Between this exploitation and the health risks involved with pearling, divers lived strenuous lives with little reward. Pearl Diving Culture in Qatar Today While pearl fishing is no longer vital to Qatar’s economy, it is celebrated as a part of Qatari culture. Annual pearl diving competitions and cultural celebrations are held. The four-day Senyar pearl diving and fishing competition recently boasted more than 350 participants, navigating between Fasht and Katara Beach on traditional ships. The annual Qatar Marine Festival is a free event that hosts not only pearl diving demonstrations but also a seal show, dancing waters, food, an elaborate musical play, and miniature golf. It is a fun event for families to learn about their culture and have some fun too.

Women in the Law Term Paper - 2048 Words

Women in the Law Term Paper In American society, individuals are constantly subjected to discrimination and gender bias, which pollutes our education systems, military, and individuals in executive business roles. Women are more often subjected to these types of issues and have sought remedy for their issues by looking toward legal theoretical frameworks like Formal Equality, Substantive Equality, and a Non-subordination/Dominance theory approach, which set the guidelines for how to identify and dissect the problem. There is a consistent problem going on around college campuses in the United States and it is the issue of sexual harassment. Particularly female students, the victims of these cases are told to come forward about what happened†¦show more content†¦All too often do the victims of rape or sexual harassment cases bottle up the incident for months or even years before they are strong enough to publicize the wrongful act. In Sulkowicz’s case, she mentions that in the attack, â€Å"it could take two minutes for it to stop, or he could have strangled me to death.† She had begun to have sex with the man, but he eventually began to physically hurt and choke her, as he anally penetrated her. The Columbia University panel held her assailant not responsible (Perez-Pena, Taylor 1). Sulkowicz had also experienced what is known as ‘forcible compulsion,’ which is physical force, violence, moral, psychological or intellectual force to compel a person to engage in sexual intercourse against their will. While she may have wanted to engage in intercourse to begin with, the physical abuse and anal penetration that ensued quickly into the act, was against her own will. Forcible compulsion need not be at the beginning the act. 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Integrated Supply Chain Network-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Questions: 1.How can Organisations create and deliver better value by operating as Supply Networks? 2.Identify the advantages and disadvantages of an Integrated Supply Chain Network. 3.Identify three critical aspects or attributes of logistics systems referred to in this Case Study. 4.What roles does technology play in a Supply Chain from a Logistics Perspective? 5.Identify three different ways in which technology can fulfil the roles you identified in Question 4 and briefly explain, using examples, how they contribute to Improving Supply Chain Performance. Answers: 1.For growth and expansion of business, the role of supply chain network is undeniable. By adopting strategies the organizations implement powerful modeling approach through application of well structured supply chain design. The first and foremost strategy that an organization need to take in order to deliver values is the planning that should be demand driven and incorporation of business operating model. Proper planning ensures not only the growth but also effective response to risks associated with the business like natural calamities, economic collapse or political upheaval (Ahi and Searcy, 2013). An adaptive and brisk supply chain is key to success of the business operation when planned and executed thoroughly. Identifying the shape of the demand and risk a good supply chain should be responsive to the changes and better adapt to the changing market scenarios with agility. To create better values profitable innovation through adoption of product optimization and management play s important role as it allows the business to stay one step ahead in the competition. Apart from being planned, brisk, adaptive and innovative, a supply chain definitely needs to be sustainable socially and environmentally that give the business edge over others in terms of efficiency in production management skills of suppliers and attractiveness to workers. 2.An integrated supply chain helps create end-to-end collaboration between managers and planners in order to create a dynamic supply network that allows modification and adjustments with agility in the production process. It can also provide operational flexibility to respond briskly to changing demand and market competition through making proper predictions and gathering intelligence about the market and competitors. Transparency of supply, inventories and flow of material are contribution of integrated supply chain that takes communication about the product on a next level (Stadtler, 2015). This can also bring effectiveness in business through higher revenue, better management and collaboration. Among disadvantages the longer time taken to execute the supplies and associated cost factor are main issues faced by the business organizations. Moreover the supply chain involves bigger range of suppliers who need to be synchronized and reliability is major concern for that. Uncertain events like natural disorder or inevitable business problems makes the supplies disrupted affecting business. 3.The case study highlights three major aspects of logistic system as discussed below. Efficiency: An efficient supply chain management contributes to greater market capitalization of the firms. It is the key to turn out the manufacturing capacity with making effective use of strategies sourcing globally. Visibility: To have an insight into the processing and acquiring accurate data regarding the process is essential to ascertain growing business operation. This leads firms to go for adopting technologies (Pritchard, 2007). Technology in logistics: In order to make the supply chain fast track the role of technology in various field of business are undeniably important. Complexity in manufacturing process and uncertain factors can often lead to delayed or cancelled supply affecting business which requires application of technology to minimize the cost of the factors and enhance profit over time through growth in operation. 4.In any supply, chain logistics are the key to bring out the best results. Acquiring of resources, storing and transporting to destination requires management that is undertaken through logistics (Ross, 2013). Now embedding technology to this can make the supply chain process more quick assuring deliverance of good quality. Moreover application of technology makes the business supply chain operation more visible, transparent and simplified. This gives edge to the business over other competitors with more operative efficiency and greater control over inventories (Pritchard, 2007) It generates more customer satisfaction. The technological application can also be time and money saving for the company by reducing cost and time of shipping with less error and providing better quality of services. 5.Application of Radio Frequency Identification is beneficial way to employ technology in strengthening supply chain management. The technology provides chip to be placed on every products in order to make the tracking of inventory authentic and reliable (Wisner, Tan and Leong, 2014.). The associated visibility in RFID technology helps detect in anomalies and make the operation efficient through elimination of errors, reduction of cost and simplification of supply chain as whole. Better way of implementing technology in supply chain is incorporation of social media into the business planning. The social media provides biggest social platform to firms to display their advertising strategies and make their goods and services known widely (Christopher, 2016). This helps in building communication with customers, makes the products of the company more visible and known that enhances the demand. Moreover, social media let the business induce less operation cost and more time and cost friendly strategies of marketing and sales. E commerce is also a technology driven channel of business that help the supply chain be more effective. References: Ahi, P. and Searcy, C., 2013. A comparative literature analysis of definitions for green and sustainable supply chain management.Journal of Cleaner Production,52, pp.329-341. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Green Jr, K.W., Zelbst, P.J., Meacham, J. and Bhadauria, V.S., 2012. Green supply chain management practices: impact on performance.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(3), pp.290-305. Pritchard, S. (2007). Supply Chain Networks: New Sources of Value Creation and Delivery. Ross, D.F., 2013.Competing through supply chain management: creating market-winning strategies through supply chain partnerships. Springer Science Business Media. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tayur, S., Ganeshan, R. and Magazine, M. eds., 2012.Quantitative models for supply chain management(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media. Wisner, J.D., Tan, K.C. and Leong, G.K., 2014.Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach. Cengage Learning

Russian Treaty Thing Essays - North Caucasus, Chechen People

Russian Treaty Thing To most students and a good part of the rest of American society, the issues which have come to surface and shed blood over miles of terrain are intricate and internal, issues which can't be put to rest by signing a piece of paper or so called treaty. The internal structure of Russia has been weakened time and time again for the past decade and the problems and disgruntled begin to lash out as the lack of concern becomes more and more obvious. Since the recent assignation attempt, the fourth on the life of Aslan Maskhadov and the first in his capacity as President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria on July 23, 1998, combined with the vast scale of organized crime, abductions and seemingly unrestricted terrorism over the last 18 months, the unquestioned, taken for granted rights of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness, begin to become a question of validity. For one to try and fathom the fright felt by the Chechen civilians' or begin to wonder why this is happening would be imposs ible, but by taking a closer look at the parties involved in this crisis can help us to understand the issues at place. Amongst all of this horror lies the participants involved, whether a political, ethnic, interest or religious group, each has its own reasons and goals. One participant, the President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Aslan Maskhadov, has only been in office since January of 1997, but remains unbowed in his determination to restore law and order. Unfortunately, attempts on his life have been made before and will most likely be made again. If it is the case that Maskhadov is killed or removed from power, the likelihood for a civil war would grow, resulting in the ultimate consequence of which could become a catastrophe, not only for Chechnya, the North Caucasus and the ?independent' republics of the Transcaucasus, but ultimately for Russia as a whole. A second participant, the President of Russia, has had a huge impact in the progress of this conflict. Mr. Yeltsin is determined to wipe out the entire opposition, rebels, guerrillas, even regular plain clothed civilians refusing to ab andon their homes. This has been stressed time and time again as his men have repeatedly bombed Chechynan land and city's relentlessly, including the capital, Groznyy, which his men plan to fully encircle by mid December. A third participant in this ongoing turmoil is Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. Putin, a former intelligence officer and head of the Federal Security Service and the main successor to the KGB, was promoted from intelligence chief to Prime Minister. Due to his dedication and similarities, Mr. Yeltsin exonerates Vladimir as the man he'd like to see as President. It is nice to know that Mr. Yeltsin admires Vladimir Putin but it sure doesn't thrill me knowing that the Russian Duma voted to confirm Putin as the countries new premier. A fourth participant is the Senior Russian Commander, General Valery Manilov. Manilov is the Russian army's first deputy chief of staff and main Chechnya mouthpiece and recently announced the launch of a new phase in the campaign, saying troops would now pursue the rebels into the mountains. Though the Russians' have proved wise up to now, they have yet to fight the Chechens one on one where the sniper filled streets of Groznyy and Guerrilla warfare methods of the mountains have proved deadly for the Russians. Though Manilov hasn't suffered huge casualties as of yet, he should be wise and cautious about how he decides to take Groznyy. A fifth participant in this ordeal is the British Government though nothing has been spoken about interference of assistance to Chechnya, Russia has been told that they better watch what they do. This is all that has been said for now but if the bloodshed massacre continues more may come. A sixth participant involved in this issue is The Federation Coun cil. The Federation Council is the weaker half of the legislature, but still has been vested with considerable authority under the 1993 constitution. Deputies have the power to confirm border changes within the federation, approve the introduction of martial law or a state of emergency by the president